Switzerland will vote on Sunday on a proposal to cap its population at 10 million, a referendum that has exposed deep divisions over immigration, economic growth and the country’s relationship with the European Union.
The initiative, backed by the right-wing Swiss People’s Party (SVP), would make Switzerland the first country in Europe to impose a formal population limit if approved.
Opinion polls suggest the vote is likely to be extremely close, with opponents holding a narrow lead while a significant number of voters remain undecided.
Supporters argue that rapid population growth is placing increasing pressure on housing, transport infrastructure, public services and the environment.
Critics warn that the proposal could damage the economy, worsen labor shortages and strain relations with Switzerland’s most important trading partner, the EU.
Switzerland’s population has grown from 7.3 million in 2002 to more than 9 million today.
More than a quarter of residents are foreign-born or foreign nationals, reflecting decades of immigration driven by economic growth and agreements with European neighbors.
The SVP describes the proposal as a “sustainability” measure designed to restore control over population growth.
Supporters argue that overcrowded trains, rising housing costs and pressure on public services are linked to immigration levels.
Opponents reject that argument, saying broader policy decisions on housing, infrastructure and investment are responsible for many of the challenges facing the country.
The referendum has become one of the most divisive political debates in recent years, with both sides presenting sharply different visions of Switzerland’s future.
Under the proposal, the government would be required to take action once the population reaches 9.5 million.
Potential measures could include limiting asylum admissions and restricting family reunification for foreign workers.
If the population eventually reached 10 million, Switzerland would be required to terminate international agreements that conflict with the cap, including the free movement of people accord with the EU.
Business groups, economists and industry representatives warn that such changes could deepen labor shortages in sectors including healthcare, hospitality and care services.
Government officials and opponents have also cautioned that the referendum could leave Switzerland more isolated at a time of economic and geopolitical uncertainty.
The outcome is expected to become clear after voting concludes on Sunday.